Levels of autonomy
From driver assistance to fully autonomous travel, discover how vehicles gradually take on more responsibility for the journey.
Level 1
Driver Assistance
The vehicle can assist with one driving task at a time, such as steering support or adaptive cruise control. The driver remains fully responsible, keeps watching the road, and controls the vehicle at all times.
Level 2
Partial Automation
The vehicle can support both steering and speed control simultaneously, helping it stay centred in its lane and maintain distance from traffic ahead. However, the driver must stay alert, monitor the road, and be ready to take over immediately.
Level 3
Conditional Automation
In specific conditions, the vehicle can manage the complete driving task, including monitoring its surroundings. The driver can temporarily step back from active driving but must be ready to regain control when the system requests it.
Level 4
High Automation
The vehicle can drive itself without human intervention within defined areas or operating conditions, such as a mapped city zone or dedicated shuttle route. If the system reaches its limit, it can safely handle the situation without depending on a human driver.
Level 5
Full Automation
Level 5 represents complete autonomy: the vehicle can perform every driving task in all road, weather, and traffic conditions a human driver could manage. Passengers only choose their destination; no steering wheel or driver is required.